The climate of India | Chapter 1 of Geography Notes


Define the following terms:-

climate of india


1. Regolith: The layer of the broken rocks on the Earth Surface is called regolith.

2. Erosion: Removal of the upper layer of soil is called erosion.

3. Sheet Erosion: The removal of upper soil from the surface of Earth by running water.

4. Gully Erosion:- The removal of soil along different river streams or channels down the slope of the land.

5. Leaching: It is the process by which different minerals and nutrients are washed out by different agents especially, running water and making the topsoil infertile.

6. Soil Conservation: It is the process or method by which be the procedure of the soil from erosion.

7. Afforestation: Planting of trees.

8. Deforestation: Cutting of trees.

9. Soil: The uppermost layer of Earth of which human life totally depends on food and other facilities.

Define the process responsible for the formation of soil?

Ans- The formation of soil is a natural process and this natural process is also known as pedogenesis.

The formation of soil mostly depends on different weathering processes by natural and man-made forces.
   The layer of broken rocks process gets developed into small pieces continuously by various or different chemical, mechanical and biological processes.

The process of soil mainly related to parent rocks materials, different relief features, climatic conditions, plant and animal, and human activities.

Explain the composition of Soil?

Ans- Mostly all types of soil have developed from rocks and these soils have four basic elements.
1. Inorganic Materials- From Parent Rocks.
2. Organic Rocks- Due to decomposition of plant remains animals placed or dead animals.
3. Water.
4. Air.

Define the process of a soil profile?

Ans- A vertical section of soil from the surface to parent rock is called soil profile and this process due to soil formation gives rise to well developed horizontal layer in the soil profile.

  These horizontal layers are also called soil horizons.
These soil horizons are marked and grouped in A, B, C, D from the uppermost layer of the Soil to the parent rocks below the Earth surface.
 Horizontal A: (Top Soil)- It is the topmost layer and has soluble minerals and organic minerals from remains of plant and animal and this layer for the growth of plant life.

 Horizontal B: (Sub Soil)- It is just below the topsoil in which land, silk, and clay are found it has limited organic matter and along with Horizontal A this layer is responsible for topsoil.

 Horizontal C: (Rock Fragments)- It has small pieces of rocks and this layer is not affected by any biological process.

 Horizontal D: (Parent Rocks)- It is just below the Horizontal C and has unbroken solid rock.


  Define the characteristics of Soil?

Ans- The main characteristics of soil are:-
  • Colour
  • Texture
  • Structure

Explain the different types of Soil?

Ans- Alluvial Soil
  Characteristics-
  • It is formed by the weathering of different types of rocks deposition silt by different rivers. 
  • It is found along the inland river of the delta river and along the coast.
  • This soil rich in potash humus lime.
  • In this soil, there is a lake of nitrogen phosphorous.
  • This soil is mostly of two types:- 
1. Bhangar: Older alluvium light grey in color not fertile and clayey in nature.

2. Khadar: New alluvium loamy in nature and fertile.
   It is coarse on the upper riverside and not too much fertile but find in the lower coarse of the river.

    CROPS GROWN
Rice, Wheat, Jute, Sugarcane, Millets, Pulses 

   AREA
Found in Punjab, Harayana, UP, Bihar, West Bengal, and Regions of Bramhaputra valley.

Black Soil
            Characteristics-
This soil is also known as regional soil. This soil is found by the breaking up volcano rock it has been formed in situ these type of soil is mostly formed where they are originally formed or origin place.

This soil is black in color due to its iron content and clayey in Nature.
Rich in iron, calcium, and magnesium and the main characteristics of soil moisture retentive.
But when it dries, crack developed and when it becomes wet it is mostly sticky in nature.

  • Crop Grown
Cotton, Sugarcane, Tobacco, and in some places wheat.

    AREA
Found in Maharastra, Gujarat, and in some parts of Madhya Pradesh.

 Red Soil

  Mostly found in the area covered by crystalline rocks and formed by weathering and deposition.
This soil is mostly red in colour due to presence of iron oxide.

    CROP GROWN
Rich in Sugarcane, Wheat, Pulses but these crop grown with proper function fertilizers and used for different purposes.

 AREAS-

Mostly found in Tamil Nadu